for any type of transport and will constitute a seamless service pay for parking online. Within its first year of implementation allowing new pricing models. Although many of these actions (2017-18), the city had issued four thousand permits for parking take place in Barcelona’s municipal area, the City Council is not through it per day. The program has reduced emissions and responsible for making them effective. That task instead falls to congestion by directing drivers to vacant parking spaces. administrations operating at a higher level of governance (the Catalan government and the Spanish state), through various 2.6 Private vehicles’ mobility companies (ADIF, Trambaix, Trambesòs). Based on the “mobility on demand” concept,10Barcelona City 2.5 Mobility and delivery vehicles Council has introduced a sharing system for full-electric scooters, in which users can undertake journeys in the city with freedom The aspect of delivery mobility is interesting, because it is and flexibility when it comes to picking up and leaving the scooter not a main part of the mobility policies of other smart cities (PMU, 2013-2018). This system works in parallel with conventional that we have studied so far in this ebook. Barcelona’s PMU car-sharing services such as Avancar. To improve the operation of focuses on the delivery and distribution of goods within the the scooter-sharing system, Barcelona City Council has introduced city, defining such services as a basic necessity that requires specific measures such as (PMU, 2013-2018): a range of different solutions. The main objective is to improve • Marking out legal parking spaces on the street to ensure that the effectiveness of urban distribution while reducing possible scooters do not park where they are not authorized to do so; friction between it and other urban activities (PMU, 2013-2018). • Using CCTV surveillance to identify potential pain points and areas where improvements could be made; The main solutions considered so far are: • Creating specific spaces on the road for motorbike and •Creating three-meter-wide lanes allowing parking and bicycle safety (see Figure 3.3). passage of freight trolleys; •Establishing specific parking time slots for delivery services. Overall, these aspects aim to reduce traffic congestion and increase the use of alternative modes of mobility within To make those solutions fit in with the superblocks project, Barcelona. The creation of superblocks and the implementation other solutions are being considered, such as urban distribution of bike lanes, social places, and special-regulation zones is centers as well as storage units and goods collection points reducing people’s need for cars, thereby reducing the amount located within walking distance of neighborhoods. of traffic while increasing the use of public transportation. It should be noted here that Barcelona’s metro network is one of Furthermore, the promotion of low-emissions vehiclesthe most efficient in Europe in terms of platform crowding and would have some unique benefits. The Catalan government the ease with which passengers enter and leave metro cars, but has developed an ecolabel described as a “hallmark of it consumes a lot of energy for cooling. Drawing up an energy environmental quality assurance”9that companies and self- reduction plan for this specific matter could be a useful way for employed people can use so that they can select appropriate the city to improve its sustainability. vehicles for their fleets (PMU, 2013-2018). 3. Activities Some other aspects to consider within this focus are: •Increasing monitoring of parking spaces has been one of the Green spaces and cultural activities are essential aspects of most effective policies; a pilot study of it doubled the number citizens’ day-to-day lives. This dimension of the Smart city of available parking spaces; needs to be considered to ensure that smart city programs •Studying how new technologies (ICT, AI) can help in this rely only on technological implementation and to create public aspect (automatic control of squares and so forth); spaces to allow social connections. •Defining the type of vehicles that can use parking places. 3.1 Green spaces By improving the efficiency of loading and unloading areas, the city could reduce its traffic congestion. Barcelona has Green spaces are fundamental within cities; we have observed implemented a sensor system for drivers that guides them to in the other chapters of this ebook that they could reduce air open parking spots. An app, ApparkB, also allows people to pollution and help cities to manage rainfall and heat waves (9) https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/en/services/the-city-works/maintenance-of-public-areas/environmental-quality (Accessed on 10 June 2021). (10) Cuevas, V., Estrada, M., & Salanova, J. M. (2016). Management of on-demand transport services in urban contexts. Barcelona case study. Transportation Research Procedia, 13, 155-165. 94 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021