specifically in relation to citizen participation, decision-making the works and ranked them by their frequency of use. They then transparency, transparency in the use of data, and respect for analyzed the density of links between the subthemes to obtain the privacy of citizens’ personal data. The fifth factor concerns the visual mapping shown in Figure 1.2 below.41 living conditions in the city. This area encompasses not only health and sanitary conditions and security but also events Unsurprisingly, many of the publications included in their review capable of strengthening the city’s reputation for innovation focused on technological aspects. In a traditional approach, and entrepreneurship in the field of arts and culture. Finally, the assessment of technologies covers a set of advanced ICT the sixth factor concerns mobility, multimodal facilities, soft technologies used in cities. Such a list will include wireless forms of transportation, and the use of data and information to sensors, networks, IoT, big data, cloud computing, artificial restore a certain level of fluidity to the mobility of both people intelligence, applications, systems, and mobile devices and and goods. applications. These elements can be seen in the right-hand part of Figure 1.2 below. However, their study highlights that authors The heightened emphasis on cities’ image and reputation, use the term “smart technology” to refer to many ICT solutions particularly in terms of the major role they can play in the fight that aim to manage a city’s resources. Urban development is against global warming, has prompted various institutions and based on the integration of tools, solutions, and resources. In organizations to award annual prizes to cities and to produce discussing their clustering work, Winkowska et al. (2019: 78) write, city rankings that are based on a transparent set of criteria. “A city cannot be named smart if it has no activities in the field of environmental protection and resource management methods.” Here we underline the fact that cities have engaged in international competition to be recognized for their efforts to The study by Winkowska et al. reveals the importance of tackle environmental challenges. The city awards and rankings socioeconomic elements among the characteristics of the that have emerged over the past decade40have highlighted smart city (see the left part of Figure 1.2 below), including the challenges that cities face when they seek to manage the quality of social interactions and inclusion, which are their image and branding. Cities do not control criteria but strongly linked to the areas of public life and community. Other may develop an active communication policy to influence important elements concern living conditions—for example, committees. It is clear that these initiatives also have an impact healthcare, security, and education. We can infer from the poles on a city’s attractiveness and reputation. When a city wins an and the density of the links shown in Figure 1.2 that inhabitants award or is placed high up in rankings, the press and social and stakeholders play a key role in the smart city, with citizens networks around the world pay attention to it, and investors and participating in public affairs and decision-making processes. people may view it as more attractive. This finding indicates that smart cities need to create transparent principles for collaboration between the municipal A mapping to design the main dimensions government, the city’s stakeholders, and its inhabitants. Many researchers have sought to construct a reliableIn their study, Winkowska et al. also coin the term “urban characterization of the smart and sustainable city. Among them, logistics” and identify it as playing an important role in the Winkowska, Szpilko, and Pejić (2019) aim to disentangle the smart city concept. (See the upper part of Figure 1.2 below.) smart city concept via a literature review focused on engineering, Mobility and logistics are recognized as major sources of management, and services. They conducted a bibliometric pollution if they rely on fossil fuels and traditional methods for analysis of studies indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science delivering goods. Winkowska et al. argue that “urban logistics databases between January 2009 and May 2019, finding 15,744 should primarily focus on planning, coordination and controlling relevant studies in the former and 5,151in the latter. After processes related to a city or urban agglomeration, moving collecting the terms contained in the titles of these studies, they people and goods in a way that optimises costs, minimises established a list of the themes and subthemes discussed in congestion and improves the quality of life of the residents.” (40) Among these are Easypark, the EU, Juniper Research, IESE, IMD, Le Monde, Roland Berger, and Procedia Computer Science. http://www.smart-cities.eu/model. html (41) Winkowska, J., Szpilko, D., & Pejić, S. (2019). Smart city concept in the light of the literature review. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 11(2). 40 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021