By contrast, the impact of the new local district plan wasthe implementation of green spaces in the city, was formulated still undetermined in 2015. It is clear for the City Council thatby the City Council: access to green spaces close to home is an essential factor in •Phase 1: Data collection and research to identify and rank citizens’ quality of life. It represents a key priority when people areas according to the overall threat that cloudbursts pose are looking for a home in the city. Several studies have shown to them, with a view to then implementing solutions such as that proximity to a green area positively influences property green covers and green spaces; values and has a significant impact on urban life in the local •Phase 2: Using the data and insights obtained in Phase area (Brasington and Hite, 2005; Jim and Chen, 2010). 1 to perform modelling and mapping and thereby divide regions into storm water catchments, developing large-scale The City Council aims to develop a “greenification” tool that will be hydrological models to map vulnerable areas. used to specify demand, in terms of quality and quantity, for the integration of urban nature into local planning. The tool will also Based on the analysis undertaken across the two phases, it was assess the economic impacts of this integration. The city is involved concluded that the cost of climate change effects until 2110, if in over fifty partnership projects that place strong emphasis onthe city was to “do nothing,” would “amount to approximately urban wildlife in places that are not owned by the municipality—for€55-80 million a year from now to 2110” (Network Nature) example, private detached homes, buildings owned by cooperative(Cloudburst Master Planning Initiatives, Administered by Mayor housing associations, and the buildings of private companies, all of for Technical and Environmental Affairs, Morten Kabell, 2016). which represent about 57 percent of the city’s building stock (Eco- metropolis: Our vision for Copenhagen, 2015). Therefore, the City Council developed a strategy that entailed a massive public participation program to involve citizens 3.1.3 Green spaces and urban adaptation to fight againstand better understand their needs. At the city level, some cloudbursts analysts believed that environmental solutions and plans (see In 2011, a cloudburst caused around one billion US dollars ofabove) could generate potential savings of 50 percent on the damage in the city (Cloudburst Master Planning Initiatives,estimated total cost. Retrofitting is not enough, and changes Administered by Mayor for Technical and Environmental Affairs,in people’s behaviors are required at the same time as some Morten Kabell, 2016). This catastrophe showed the need forqualitative social benefits are delivered to impacted areas collaborative efforts to be established to prevent and mitigate(renovation of utilities, mobility and health plans, and urban the effects of such events. quality improvement) (Cloudburst Master Planning Initiatives, Administered by Mayor for Technical and environmental affairs, Therefore, the following two-phase approach, which includesMorten Kabell, 2016). Figure 4.2 – Green spaces and urban planning to fight against climate change Source: Cloudburst Management Plan, Copenhagan - Oppla 126 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021