city as well as the administrative personnel connected to them. already been occupied, and infrastructure and settlements have Building a culture of initiative, innovation, and collaboration is key. already been built. As a result, path dependency influences city planning in established cities, and urban transformation takes Consequently, the debates and policy choices connected to the time. By contrast, projects to build a new city from scratch aim smart and sustainable city are embedded in a multidimensional to create a perfect city in which everyone works in harmony with environment. The implementation of any type of urban policy each other and is happy. It is a utopian vision of the city. and planning requires the development of a vision of the future of a smart city. This vision must be developed with the Renovation vs. Greenfield. Most urban transformation projects involvement of a wide range of stakeholders—including the and processes involve existing cities. Greenfield cities supply local community. Foresight, participation, and agreement on the opportunity to analyze the benefits and drawbacks of certain priorities could be the factors that determine the success of elements of public policy, under conditions similar to those of a efforts to build a vision of the future for cities and businesses. city lab. Existing cities shed light on the ranking of priorities set by city executives: buildings, motor vehicle traffic, and resources. Being Green vs. Being Smart. Sustainability causes public decision making to focus on two dimensions: greening and bringing in appropriate “smart” solutions. To be successful, urban policy must rely on interaction and complementarity between the two objectives. Human vs. Technology. Citizen participation, not reliance on ICT, has become a key determinant of the social acceptance of both regenerative and new projects. Moreover, the involvement of people in sharing data can lead to the development of innovative solutions and use of apps generated by end users. The use of citizens’ data has to be governed by protection of privacy and, potentially, trust. Consequently, a culture of innovation to develop new functions and services, as well as collaboration with citizens and external entities, will be key. Data-sharing jc-gellidon-Khqmo4T-rs0-unsplash services are also required to enhance both fluidity of mobility and energy efficiency. Social acceptance can be assessed A number of factors will drive success when it comes to the against two criteria: whether citizens are likely to use a specific implementation of sustainable city policies. In an urbanized solution, and whether inhabitants are willing to pay more for world, public and private interventions are essential for giving the solution. citizens the living experience they need and want. Moreover, innovative technology and funds are required to innovate and Governance-Based Approach vs. Ecosystem-Based Approach. deliver the city of the future. Above all, the residents of a city are Two main levels of governance can be identified in the area its greatest asset. Involving them in transformation efforts will be of urban issues. The first is that of municipal councils, which key to the success of municipal initiatives. As the former mayor are generally elected by universal suffrage and are in charge of Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Paes, once said, “Favelas are not of the management of the city. This layer of governance relies always a problem. Favelas can sometimes really be a solution.” on an administration to give practical effect to its projects. We will now put forward some perspectives on the key choices A second level of governance organizes the contractual that smart city stakeholders have to make. We have framed relationships between the municipal entity and all its service these perspectives using the two extremes of the spectrum providers, whether they are under direct management (régie) of choices that cities have in each area so that readers have a or delegated. Finally, with a more flexible and horizontal better understanding of the full range of options that must be organizational structure, collaborations nourish an interlacing considered and of the tensions that exist between those options. of projects with specific and dedicated governance, and they bring together organizations with various legal statuses. These Developing Established Cities vs. Creating Utopian Cities. Existing forms of collaboration between various organizations are cities raise a couple of major challenges because land has similar to an ecosystem. 229 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021