example, through giving citizens access to real-time information The project has attracted international attention and positioned on the cost of traveling by car, nudges can be given to influence Copenhagen as an innovative place for smart city innovations. their behaviors. The data network infrastructure is also used to The Hitachi group developed two applications linked to the CDE provide interconnections between parking systems, municipal project to demonstrate the efficiency of data sharing: buildings, smart metering systems, and charging stations for • Journey Insight: an application helping citizens to organize electric vehicles. This type of combination of different sources their trips within the city and calculate their carbon footprint; of information ensures each aspect of mobility, energy, and • Energy Insight: an application that helps citizens to monitor provision of real-time information is optimized. their energy usage. Lastly, Copenhagen was planning to install sensors in garbage Those two examples would complement the CDE project well. cans and sewers to optimize city services such as water sanitation Copenhagen is a pioneer in smart city programs and data- and waste management (Copenhagen Solution Lab Website, 2020). driven innovation, including in the areas of infrastructure, the Copenhagen officials estimated that they would save 33 percent on environment, business data, housing and buildings, and utility operating costs by doing so (WSJ, May 21, 2019). usage. 7.3 Open-data platform 7.4 Copenhagen solution lab’s findings on the city data exchange The City Data Exchange (CDE) project is based on a collaboration between the Municipality of Copenhagen, The In 2018, an assessment of the Copenhagen City Data Exchange Capital Region of Denmark, and Hitachi Insight Group. was published. One key finding regarding the CDE project was that the platform has successfully closed the regional data gap In 2016, Hitachi Insight Group partially completed a project— in infrastructure. It allows actors to identify valuable insights two-thirds of the initially envisaged investment were ultimately related to, for example, General Data Protection Regulation released—to run a platform called the City Data Exchange, issues. However, some challenges were identified: the an open-data portal. Its broader idea was to create an immaturity of the data market led to data inconsistency; and infrastructure through which companies and other institutions a privacy and data skills gap generated a reluctance to share could sell subscriptions to access smart city data. The platform data (Sara Wray, 2018). was launched to facilitate Copenhagen’s goal to use a smart city approach to become more efficient and carbon neutral by 2025 Consequently, the following recommendations were made: (Lessons Learned From A Public/Private Data Collaboration, • Increase the number of concrete use cases to reassure The Living Library Website, 2018). actors and users. This would help to fight against people’s reluctance to make their personal data available; The approach taken by this project was brand new. In a way, the • Provide a national data community report to illustrate decision to apply a revenue-generating model to the platform the value of exchanging data. This would require the cohered well with the vision for a smart city. The data that identification of demand patterns across public and private went through the exchange was always stripped of personally sectors and enhance the use of the open-source platform identifiable information. It would help companies to identify (de Vries et al., 2011; McMurren et al., 2017); potential opportunities related to databases available on the • Establish common standards for data sharing to fight platform. against data inconsistency. In addition, further guidelines are required for data sharing, including ones related to IT The key insights from a report on the City Data Exchange (CDE) security and privacy issues (OECD, 2019). concern three main aspects: •The City Data Exchange would be a collaboration between The platform has now been shut down due to inconsistencies all the ecosystems within Copenhagen; in the databases, lowering the open forum’s value. It is now •The City Data Exchange would be a platform for the public impossible to connect to the open platform, and many of the and private sectors to sell and purchase data; websites connected to it (for example, Copenhagen Connecting) •It represents an effort to promote data exchange and open- are no longer functional. source platforms (Lessons Learned from a Public/Private Data Collaboration, The Living Library Website, 2018). 135 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021