Conclusion Barcelona presents interesting aspects because of the role tourism plays in its smart city programs and because of the international exposure Barcelona has gained from hosting worldwide events. Moreover, the adoption of novel technologies is present within every aspect of the city, enhancing Barcelona’s ambition to be a European smart city leader that is focused on technical solutions. Based on an open-source platform network, Barcelona’s collaboration models could be compared to those found in Amsterdam’s smart city model (see Chapter 2). Various questions have emerged from our analysis of Barcelona: •Transparency (level of trust in information provided; control by citizens) has to work hand in hand with social inclusion and participation; •The ongoing conflict between some sectors of Catalan society and the Spanish government has the potential to create deep uncertainty that may make Catalan and foreign investors hesitant to participate in Barcelona’s smart city program; •Lastly, Barcelona has relied essentially on technological implementations to become a smart city.This high dependence on technological devices could represent a pain point for the city in the event of a power outage or a cyberattack. However, in 2015-2018, the turn to complement this policy with more social inclusion and citizen participation lent greater depth to Barcelona’s smart city policy. 104 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021