67). Programs are in place to reduce waiting times at red lights The two principles guiding future transport infrastructure and so prevent unnecessary delays. Intelligent traffic light planning in Vienna are the availability of public transport programming supports ecomobility by providing a special right infrastructure and impact on mobility behaviors. Transport for cyclists, facilitating traffic flow at intersections. The city has infrastructure that can be funded sustainably is the ultimate about 1,300 sets of traffic lights. The 2003 Transport Master requirement for a viable transport system. Therefore, decisions Plan’s principle of “no stopping unless it is a systematic right of should take into account the complete life cycle costs. way to trams and buses” aims to promote the implementation Some critical aspects of sustainable funding, governance, of smart lighting systems. and management of multimodal transport ecosystems are discussed below in Section 6 of this chapter. Both the acceleration of ecomobility and the priority given to public transport must result in an actual shortening of door-to- 3. Activities door transit times for passengers in the future. However, the comfortable and safe use of public transport is closely linked with The earliest version of the smart city concept was based on the renewed design of entries to and exits from stops and stations. implementing technological tools to generate data, but it is now based on the establishment of smart and sustainable ways of In Vienna, another option being considered by the city is enhancing and easing people’s living conditions. reclassifying the bus network so that bus lines have an essential place and role in the overall network structure. Green spaces and cultural activities are two critical components Thus, first, high-quality bus corridors are to be planned even of Vienna, and they are central to the city’s identity. All over before new urban areas have been constructed. Second, where the world, Vienna is seen as an example of exceptional urban recent urban development lack an underground or tram axis quality of life. in the vicinity, high-value bus lines will become essential for the network structure and be subject to the same acceleration 3.1 Green spaces criteria as trams and metro trains. Vienna’s reputation for offering an outstanding quality of life is 2.4.1 Lindenkreuzung intersection based in part on amenities such as the Vienna Woods, national In 2010, the traffic lights were removed from Lindenkreuzung parks, agricultural landscapes, attractive recreation zones, a intersection in Vienna, one of the busiest road junctions in the vast range of cultural events, social cohesion, and educational region. Before the redesign, the intersection, which thirteen facilities. For many years, international city rankings have thousand vehicles used every day, was criticized for causing placed Vienna in top positions and highlighted its cultural and long waits and traffic jams, as well as for having advanced leisure offerings, its high levels of personal and social safety stop areas that were too small. And more pedestrians and and security, its housing environment, its leisure options, and cyclists passed through the intersection than cars did. During its ecological quality (City of Vienna Website,6 2020). the redesign, in addition to the removal of the traffic lights, the intersection’s center was elevated. The new organization is The city’s urban area occupies 41.5 hectares, within which now merely based on the “priority to the right” rule. Accident green spaces represent 18.9 hectares or 45.5 percent of the statistics have shown that two to three accidents happened total surface area (Green Spaces of the Urban Development there annually in the 2004-2007 period, whereas between 2009 Plan, 2005). A large part of these green areas is for public use and 2013, no casualties were registered, saving seven thousand and is administered by Municipal Department #42, in charge of euros in maintenance costs per year (UMPVSC, 2019). parks and gardens; Municipal Department #49, responsible for forestry and urban agriculture; and, finally, the District Citizens 2.5 Principles of future transport infrastructure planning Committee. Vienna has developed many plans and projects to reduce traffic The 18.9 hectares of green spaces include nineteen square congestion, encourage the adoption of emission-free vehicles, kilometers of parks, one hundred thousand trees along avenues and enhance the public transportation system. Mobility is a and roads, 1,200 plant pots, nineteen thousand park benches, fundamental part of smart city programs, since it has a bearing five hundred playgrounds, and two hundred sports grounds on urban master plans and reduces CO emissions, a central2 (CVW, 2020). Vienna aims to be a livable city where outside aim of the Paris Agreement. activities are at the heart of people’s habits. (6) Below: CVW, 2020 205 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021