Figure 4.1 – Twenty-five pProject initiatives in the city of Copenhagen (Action plan for green mobility, 2013) URBAN DEVELOPMENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM Municipal plan USING URBAN SPACES AND ROADS Parking 12. Road network plan 13. High streets GREEN MEANS OF TRANSPORT 14. Smart and safe traffic management WORLD’S BEST CYCLING CITY 15. Flexible application for car pooling 1. PLUSnet OPTIMIZED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 2. Shortcuts for cyclists 16. City logistics - green goods delevery 3. Cycle super highways 17. Mobile application for car pooling 4. Cycling services PUBLIC TRANSPORT INCENTIVES 5. Bus priority and bus stop conditions MOBILITY MANAGEMENT 6. High-level traffic hubs 18. Smart (IT) information 7. Buses on alternative fuels 19. The road users of the future PEDESTRIANS 20. Local collaborations 8. Pedestrian networks INNOVATION GREEN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 9. Infrastructure for electric and hydrogen cars GREEN MOBILITY TECHNOLOGY 10. Car sharing 21. Laboratory for green technology 22. E-mobility COHERENCE - THE ENTIRE JOURNEY 23. Environmental zones 10. City bikes 11. Bike and ride IDEA DEVELOPMENT 14. Innovation workshop Figure 4.1 sets out the overall action plan defined by the City2.1.1 Urban development plan and green mobility packages Council. The essential points of it that relate to our study willTo promote green transportation modes in cities, urban design be detailed in the following sections. must ensure safety and accessibility. Copenhagen City Council has made efforts to incorporate green mobility solutions from Transport is the source of a large proportion of the CO2the earliest stages of planning new urban areas and extending emissions generated in Copenhagen. In 2010, 544,000 tons ofexisting ones. Sustainability tools have been implemented and CO were emitted by the transport sector here, corresponding2 are being used to assess how planned projects meet the city’s to 22 percent of the city’s emissions. Road traffic alone wasobjectives for promoting green mobility. responsible for 70 percent of transport emissions (Action Plan for Green Mobility, 2013). The main criteria taken into consideration within the city’s policy instruments are (Action Plan for Green Mobility, 2013): The city’s policy on transport is that the mix of transport modes •Density levels in existing and new urban areas; for journeys must comprise a minimum of “one third by bicycle, •Proximity of workplaces to home (in line with the ecodistrict a minimum of one third by public transport and a maximum and “fifteen-minute city” concepts); of one third by car” (Action Plan for Green Mobility, 2013). In •Proximity to train stations; other words, the city’s target is for 66 percent of all journeys in • Parking strategy and parking standards. the city to be taken on foot, by bike, or by public transport (Low Carbon Mobility Plans (LCMP)). Recently, developing parking standards in a way that considers both citizens and the environment has been at the heart of The Green Mobility Package has been included within the UrbanCopenhagen’s smart city program. Citizens and employees Development Plan. It ensures that all infrastructure will bein business sectors must respectively park close to their optimized and enhanced, and it should facilitate the greeningresidences and business locations (which can reduce traffic of transportation. congestion and CO emissions).2 Consequently, the City Council has implemented new car 121 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021