Denmark’s municipalities and its Capital Region havestation, and then take the next bus or metro to reach the city collaborated to build a network of bicycle paths across center. The initiative intends to reduce the number of vehicles the Capital Region for long distance cycling. Called “Cycle on the road and lower CO emissions.2 Superhighways,” the aim of these paths is to provide better infrastructure for bike commuters. Aside from reducing 2.2.3 Smart and safe traffic management emissions, the Cycle Superhighways are expected to deliver To promote green transportation in Copenhagen, the entire a 19 percent socioeconomic return. They could reduce the transport system must be optimized to ensure public safety number of sick days to thirty-four thousand annually and and make journeys around the city efficient. The City Council reduce car rides during rush hour by 1.4 million (Eltis-The has a keen focus on prioritizing public transport to enhance Urban Mobility Observatory). the use of green mobility in the city. A more optimized use of the existing road transport systems may also reduce the total 2.2.2 Car sharing and metro expansion number of engine-based vehicles. Shared vehicles are also contributing to green mobility in Copenhagen, because members of car-sharing programs drive A new plan from Greater Copenhagen will make space for 20 significantly fewer kilometers than car owners do, and also because percent more commuters in 2035 by combining train, bus, light they can choose the exact size of car that suits their needs. railway, metro, and bicycle use with private car-share schemes and car pools (Capital Region of Denmark). In line with this Copenhagen is therefore working on promoting the use of objective: shared cars by allowing free parking in zones otherwise subject • A new road network plan with clear prioritization of roads to parking charges and by looking at potential collaboration has been implemented. There must be continued efforts to and partnerships with relevant actors. The City Council aims strengthen traditional public transport by bus, train, light to impose a requirement for car-sharing spaces in newly railway, and metro via good traffic hubs. Collaboration constructed buildings, with visible marking of car-slot areas. between public and private transport companies must be For example, if a company that is a member of a car-sharing closer in order to develop a cohesive system; program starts to campaign for a pilot project somewhere in • Incentives have been set up to promote the use of green the city, it could initiate an initiative for car-slot-sharing for mobility and public transport. These aim to make public car sharing. The city estimates that a shared car will replace transport more attractive than it is today. Traffic information between four and ten private cars (with single drivers). This and mobility services must focus more on the user; shows that, in the city, people who previously took their own car • The city aims to continue reducing the number of traffic for their day-to-day commuting would tend to drive significantly fatalities and accidents; less in the car-sharing case: access to a reserved parking slot • Since 2015, systems for optimizing goods deliveries have been share will comfort their choice of car sharing.. tested and developed to facilitate operations and processes; • A target was set for a 5 percent increase in the share of Greater Copenhagen has launched massive construction commuters using carpooling to travel to work by 2020. For projects around the city to expand the public transportation example, the city of Ørestaden (within Greater Copenhagen) system. By the time the new metro line (the Metro City Circle) first set up an expensive policy for car parking. Then, in opened, the Bynet 2019 project had adapted the bus network as 2020, in Ørestaden, thanks to the new metro line, the part of a new, more closely integrated transport system (Action municipality made available some parking lots close to Plan for Green Mobility, 2013). In October 2019, the combined metro stations, and affordable parking for a monthly fee. metro and bus network was given a new name, Nyt Bynet (New This policy has resulted in a 27 percent lower rate of car City Network), at the same time as huge changes were made to ownership compared to the city as a whole. More generally, Greater Copenhagen’s bus routes. Outside the center of the city, in Copenhagen, the average household has 0.48 cars, among other suburb cities, Nørrebro, Vesterbro, and Østerbro compared to 0.35 cars per household in Ørestaden City. have been included in the new metro line, with seventeen stops having been added to a metro that only had twenty-two A new central unit that monitors Copenhagen’s 360 traffic lights stops. The metro’s new line opened in early 2019. More than is already smoothing the city’s traffic flows as well as reducing one hundred thousand extra passengers are now using public fuel consumption and CO emissions. This system will be2 transport in Copenhagen every day (Mobility in Copenhagen). combined with instruction on ecodriving and car sharing. Priority In addition, hubs are being created at which residents can lights are now in place to prioritize bicycle and public transport. arrive by car sharing, access a free parking space and charging 123 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021