Figure 2.2 – Demonstration of the great bubble barrier Source: https://thegreatbubblebarrier.com/ The Great Bubble Barrier project was commissioned byDatabase, the Municipality Administration, and Statistics Amsterdam’s Water Management Board and the municipality Netherlands to predict crimes. (TGBBW,4 2020). The technology used in this outstanding invention relies on implementing bubbles to make the oxygen Although the CAS has been used extensively, there are still level in the water increase. The bubble screens that it produces uncertainties about its effectiveness. Researchers argue that the also contribute to preserving biodiversity, since they absorb CAS is not yet complete and has significant limitations, as it can sounds and waves, lessening the negative impact of shipping only rely on past data pertaining to frequent and regular crimes. traffic on fish (TGBBW, 2020) Moreover, critics say that the CAS is exacerbating racial profiling owing to the existing biases embedded in past data (Oosterloo & 1.3 Public safety van Schie, 2018). Using the CAS system, Amsterdam’s police force has created a “hot spot” map, allowing it to track and identify the A key aspect of smart cities is the role they play in making places where incidents tend to happen more frequently. citizens’ lives safer. Although specific digital innovations have been developed to improve security in the city, safety and Amsterdam has also followed other cities in installing smart security do not seem to be as high on Amsterdam’s list of cameras. The city sets itself apart from others in its use of priorities as mobility is. these devices because it applies a policy of transparency to them. In March 2019, Amsterdam published a digital map The Dutch National Police comprises ten regional units. Each indicating where its surveillance cameras were placed (van unit provides basic police services in a single municipality or in Arman, 2019). In response to democratic demands, signs a cluster of municipalities, depending on the population size of have been placed by most cameras to alert the public to the the region. In addition, the Amsterdam Police Department is a presence of them, meaning that residents are able to monitor city body and reports to the Mayor and the Common Council. the surveillance to which they are subjected. These cameras are becoming smarter, with many now boasting features such The Dutch National Police stationed in Amsterdam, like many as wire framing, motion tracking, and facial management. of its counterparts across the world, has embraced the idea of using data for security purposes. In 2017, the force introduced According to a McKinsey report (2018), European citizens seem body cameras for police officers in Amsterdam. Following to be more concerned with privacy and data security than a twelve-month impact assessment, it found that the body Asian or North American citizens are. Three broad approaches cameras reduced violence and aggression toward police characterize the three continents: a commercial approach in officers (Flight, 2019). Additionally, the Dutch National Police North America, collective control in Asia, and individual privacy has developed the Crime Anticipation System (CAS) (Oosterloo in Europe. Accordingly, an Amsterdam local initiative regarding & van Schie, 2018), which uses data from the Central Crime surveillance and privacy was set up. (4) The Great Bubble Barrier Website: TGBBW below 63 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021