A second example is the Portuguese app Engage Citizen, which 7. Data management has made its way across Europe to Amsterdam. This app allows citizens to enter requests for the city, report broken pieces of Amsterdam’s approach to data management is mostly based public property such as streetlights, sign petitions, receive on a bottom-up approach, with citizens directly contributing municipal information, and contribute to local projects (Engage through the open-source smart city platform. Projects are Citizen, 2020). about smart environment, smart mobility, and intelligent interaction between stakeholders. They are related to the smart 6.2 Corruption among city officials and sustainable city’s critical topics. This open-source model is expected to boost collaborations and initiatives from both the The Netherlands remains one of the least corrupt countries public and private sectors. in the world, and for three years in a row, the Netherlands has remained in eighth position in the Transparency International The smart platform brings together ideas that fall under Index (DutchNews, 2020).11 Moreover,since 2012, the the following six main areas, which correspond to the core Netherlands has been establishing strong anticorruption dimensions of smart city development (Amsterdam Smart City mechanisms. Website, 2020): • Infrastructure and technology; 6.3 Feedback from citizens • Energy, water, and waste; • Mobility; Amsterdam’s governance is based on interactions between • Circular city; the public and private sectors, with Amsterdammers also • Governance and education; playing a leading role in decision making. With the help of • Citizens and living. the municipality and other actors, the city’s residents create demand for particular initiatives and develop solutions to Amsterdam’s approach to open data consists of a program that problems based on the issues they face in their district. comprises two main items: producing data and setting up a Therefore, residents play a central role in smart city initiatives, free data portal. The city data portal includes more than three promoting and helping to implement solutions that enhance the hundred already available datasets and 1,200 databases that quality of life that the city offers. are still in development (Amsterdam Smart City Website, 2020). On a more individual basis, some projects aim to provide The latest news regarding this data platform is that, since the citizens with the tools that they need to take an active community of users is growing, contributions are increasing, role in the development of the city (Lisa Smith, 2017). The diversifying the types and sources of data. However, the platform Amsterdam Smart Citizens Lab organized a process by which needs to be improved and its scale needs to be enlarged in citizens receive open-source tools and learn to measure their order to display the new sets of information (Amsterdam Smart surroundings and interpret the available data. This collaborative City Website, 2020). The new platform became partially available process is strengthening their knowledge and helps them to in November 2020. Lastly, in addition, the city of Amsterdam has gather data. It lets active citizens hold a strong position in the recently appointed a chief technology officer (CTO). conversation between a community of researchers and citizens. Amsterdam’s bottom-up approach to creating a smart city through the Amsterdam Smart City online platform is encouraging citizens to identify with the smart city transition. Indeed, a bottom-up approach gives citizens the ability to drive demands for innovation in response to the issues they face. Collaboration brings value to Amsterdam’s development, engaging people with private companies and the city government within a common goal. It creates a more resilient city where technology helps to increase and optimize some processes but where human collaborations remain at the heart of the transformation. (11) https://www.oecd.org/corruption/Netherlands-Phase-4-Report-ENG.pdf (accessed on 13 July 2021). 73 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021