and bicycle parking standards (time and area restrictions; 2.2 Green means of transport multimodal access), providing appropriate parking slots for both by residential and commercial buildings. The local plans Green means of transport include bicycles, CO-free public2 anticipate that the sharing of car parking spaces requires the transport, walking, and car sharing. In Copenhagen, the Action supply of charging stations for electric. Plan for Green Mobility promotes the use of green means of transport to make them more attractive to residents. The city’s Urban Development Plan requires that “in areas with housing only, there must be a minimum of one car parking space The main goals guiding Copenhagen’s strategy to encourage per 200 m2 and a maximum of 1 per 100 m2, and there must be 2.5 green mobility are (Action Plan for Green Mobility, 2013): cycle parking spaces per 100 m2.” (Action Plan for Green Mobility, • Cyclists’ journey times should be reduced by 10 percent 2013). The key actions that this plan mandates to improve green by 2020 (compared to 2010); 375 kilometers of bike lanes mobility through efficient management of urban design consist of: are available in 2021 and 49 percent of Copenhageners •Implementing minimum specifications for bicycle parking, commute to their work or studies on a bike (https://www. including requirements for cargo bikes parked at places of visitcopenhagen.com/biking); residence, offices, and shops; • Attaining a use rate of 75 percent for bicycles among •Installing roofs on half of cycle parking spaces to protect Copenhagen residents by 2020: in fact, 84 percent of bikes during the winter; Copenhagen residents have access to a bicycle, and 68 •Lowering the car parking standards in the highly dense percent cycle at least once a week (https://www.c40.org/ district of the city, which has good access to public transport. case_studies/city-of-cyclists-reduces-approximately-90000- tons-of-co2-emissions-per-year-and-has-over-50-of-the- The Urban Development Plan includes provisions on citys-population-cycling-to-work-everyday); implementing environmental zones in which vehicle access is • A 20 percent increase in passengers on public transport restricted or even banned, depending on the level of emissions by 2025 (compared to 2011levels). Public transport that they produce. The city has already delineated the zones users can bring their bikes on trains for free (https:// themselves, but the existing restrictions only cover heavy urbandevelopmentcph.kk.dk/artikel/city-cyclists); vehicles and particulate pollution. • A reduction in bus journey times of 10 percent between 2011 and 2025. Passengers enjoy unlimited travel by bus, train, This scheme has been extended to include cars and delivery and metro with the convenience of a joint ticket; vans within restrictions. The Green Mobility Plan states, • Entirely carbon-neutral public transport by 2025; “The environmental zone for heavy vehicles has reduced the • Implementation of five thousand electric charging points by 2020; emission of particles on H.C. Andersen’s Boulevard by 16% and • A doubling of the stock of shared cars by 2020 (compared the NOx emission by 8%” (Action Plan for Green Mobility, 2013). to 2012 levels). To complement, many car owners use their bicycles as part of their daily transportation; Copenhagen’s major shopping streets are essential traffic • Refurbishment of transportation hubs (https://international. arteries, and the coexistence of pedestrians, cyclists, and kk.dk/); other transport forms poses several challenges. One of the first significant steps was the redevelopment of Amagerbroade, one 2.2.1 Bicycle culture of the city’s main shopping streets. This renovation will enhance The city wishes to become the world’s best city for cyclists. the environment, making streets more attractive and providing Many surveys have shown that Copenhageners use bicycles better mobility conditions for all users. because they are the easiest and fastest way to move around the city (City of Cyclists; Bicycle Strategy 2011-2025). So far, the city’s planning agenda focused on green transport has helped to “increase the number of cyclists by 11% on the Copenhagen’s promotion of bicycles is backed by a strong outer part and 20% on the inner part of Norrebroagade district. communication strategy. The City Council claims that “every It has also resulted in 45% fewer accidents, 10% shorter travel person who chooses cycling contributes to a net profit for society time for buses, and 45% less car traffic” (Action Plan for of DKK 1.22 (or 0.16€), while taking a car would result in a net loss Green Mobility, 2013). In addition, there has been a significant for society of DKK 1.13 (or 0.15€)” (Action Plan for Green Mobility, reduction in noise levels, as well as an increase in people 2013). In terms of initiatives that facilitate the use of bicycles, I staying out to enjoy the city’s nightlife. BIKE CPH is a cycling directions app that collects users’ feedback to improve the route recommendations that it makes. 122 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021