of Vienna Water with electricity. Here, a fundamental resource, • Reducing the production of waste requires a large range water, is therefore being used in a novel ecologically friendly of waste prevention measures. In Vienna, waste prevention manner (SCWFS 2019–2050, 2019). measures will continue to be improved. The city gives priority to measures such as reusing products and materials, consistently In addition, within the development of the Smart City promoting reusable packaging, and avoiding food waste; Framework, the City Council has defined two main objectives - Vienna’s prevention measures are aligned with some to ensure access to water and basic sanitation in the city: of the most important circular economy principles. •Maintain and operate water supply and wastewater- Reducing the production of waste requires a wide range of processing infrastructure to a high standard and in a waste prevention measures. In Vienna, waste prevention resource-efficient manner. (It should be noted, however, that measures will continue to be improved. This means that no quantitative goals have been set in this area.); manufacturing companies should increasingly employ •Retain as much rainwater as possible and feed it back into waste reduction measures in their processes, and they the local water cycle. Some research is being undertaken must be sure to produce durable and reusable goods and into technical options for managing rainwater more increase the proportion of recyclables used in production; efficiently, and the legal framework is being developed - Vienna’s inhabitants should increasingly prioritize waste accordingly. avoidance in their consumer behaviors and decisions. Ways in which they can do so range from choosing reusable 1.2 Recycling services packaging instead of disposable packaging to opting for shared-use programs in many life domains; Waste prevention, which is included in the circular economy • Improving the overall waste collection system leads to framework, is considered a high priority in Vienna (SCWFS the recycling of an increasingly large proportion of waste 2019–2050, 2019). Many actions are already being undertaken and to the reuse of secondary raw materials. Maximizing within the city to reduce the negative impact of waste and waste recovery is perceived as a significant step forward enhance recycling processes: in the transition to a circular economy at the city level. Redesigning the entire waste management process chain •Most products and building materials should be designed requires the involvement of companies and households. and fabricated to be durable. Along the value chain, all Based on their own behaviors, each of these actors has to repairable waste should be retrieved and cheaply retreated anticipate preselection and reuse. To improve the overall to make good-quality second-life materials. All waste process for both companies and households, the major focus materials have the potential to be highly sought-after for the municipality should be helping to design the best- secondary raw materials within a circular economy; adapted solutions, with the choices it makes being based •To supply heat via the district heating network in Vienna on a productive partnership between companies, citizens, today, only a small proportion of residual waste is used and the municipality; without the addition of extra fuel. Therefore, there is room • The city has a policy of implementing high standards of to improve the heat production process to lower the carbon waste management. It carries out ongoing maintenance emissions that it produces; at landfills and implements modernization measures to •The quality of the drinking water supply and the wastewater guarantee the highest environmental standards at municipal and sewage system are monitored and analyzed on a daily waste incineration plants (SCWFS 2019–2050, 2019). All basis; materials that cannot be reused or recycled can be used to •The city’s infrastructure is designed in a way that reduces produce district heating or generate electricity. the impact of torrential rain. Vienna’s smart rainwater management is designed to prevent flooding, and it ensures Every year, the Austrian capital produces approximately one that water can trickle away or evaporate where it falls. Two million tons of waste; more than 350,000 tons of this volume objectives lie behind this initiative: improving the urban are collected on a separated basis (Smart City Wien Framework microclimate and enhancing resilience. Strategy 2019–2050, 2019). Vienna introduced separated waste collection in the 1980s, and since 1991 the regime has been The City Council has defined many objectives to monitor applied to the whole city. Over two hundred thousand bins potential improvements in recycling services in order to have been installed in the town, and 112 mobile and stationary promote a sustainable and healthy city (SCWFS 2019–2050, collection points for hazardous waste are available (SCWFS 2019). Those objectives are: 2019–2050, 2019). 198 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021