•Creation of new green spaces is to be tied to population growth; Biosphere reserve" (http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/ •Efficient urban expansion will be ensured, under which use cities/vienna). The city is well known for being a rich mixture of land will be optimized and land will be protected against of the past and the present. Mozart and Beethoven are among the extension of soil sealing; the celebrated figures who shaped the modern cosmopolitan •Biodiversity will be promoted by financing urban farming and face of this city. Today, “around 1.8 million residents from over other green roof projects to fight against species extinction 180 nationalities call Vienna home (a 12 percent increase and biodiversity loss. since 2007).” Vienna’s cultural heritage offers many historical palaces and theaters. Moreover, Vienna is “a great destination 3.3 A Collaborative approach to green space projects for expatriates,” thanks to its robust public resources and high quality of life. It was ranked as “the most livable of the A collaborative approach is present across Vienna’s smart city 140 cities” surveyed by the Economist for its 2018 Global initiatives, and management of green spaces is no different. Livability Index (https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report. Understanding citizens’ needs and motivating their participation aspx?campaignid=Liveability2018#:/home/webapps/asp_fr/data/asp/publications/studit_1/smartcities---the-sustainable-program-of-six-leading-cities-2021:text=In%20this%20 is critical to implementing new green space projects. For year's%20Global%20Liveability,most%20and%20least%20 example, in 2012, around the 1,800 square meters of land called liveable%20cities). Vienna has over fifty museums, over twenty- the Playground Am Kanal—Pretschgasse, there were pollution six thousand theater seats, and 167 sports ground facilities and noise issues, even if the location was highly appreciated by (World City Culture Forum website, 2017). Tourists expect high- children. However, neighbors had expressed healthy skepticism quality public and open spaces. For this reason, “It is imperative about noise pollution and the lack of secure access for users. In to concentrate urban planning on the city ‘as built’ in order to collaboration with citizens from these districts, the City Council make urban quarters more attractive for both residents and adapted the park to create a less noisy playground for children visitors” (STEP 2025, 2015: 77). and make access to the park safer. 4. Opportunities More generally, the City of Vienna maintains a robust monitoring process for green spaces: more than sixty thousand individual 4.1 Employment-finding services surfaces are classified as various green space types (CVW, 2020). Monitoring constitutes the essential instrument for The aim of developing smart city programs is to increase green space surveillance and habitat research: it provides a people’s quality of life by implementing technological tools that vital information basis for urban planning. For instance, a low enable people to make decisions about the city in which they ratio of green spaces intensifies heat effects in urban areas, wish to live. People have may reasons for settling in a given city, triggering heat islands (STEP 2025, Vienna, 2014). In Vienna, but it is becoming more common for people to make decisions thermal-imaging technology makes possible the identification that are based on data (number of new jobs, economic growth, of overheated spots. It thus permits the implementation of attractiveness to investors) or on city policies focused on tackling targeted steps, such as “infrastructure measures (shaded climate change’s effects. Among this variety of factors, the seats, drinking fountains, spray mist installations, and so forth); economic aspects of a smart city are of course fundamental. urban-, spatial-, and landscape-planning measures (ventilation Investing in new technologies and novel solutions influences the of the city); and architectural measures (choice of materials, ability of a city to efficiently function: investing in tech should greened roofs, and façades, shading elements, and so forth)” create new jobs. Moreover, employment-finding services, lifelong (STEP 2025, Vienna, 2014: 137). For this reason, Vienna opts for training opportunities, and access to school will also constitute a sustainability strategy that comprises both the sparing use relevant determinants for choosing a location. Finally, for all of natural resources and the targeted development of urban these reasons, city policy on employment and attractiveness infrastructure facilities, which are essential prerequisites to must pay attention to social inclusion: it should represent a allow for “(and render attractive) resource-preserving lifestyles priority focus to ensure that the policy will adequately link and sustainable corporate governance” (STEP 2025, Vienna, positive externalities and financial viability. 2014: 22-24). Vienna views sustainability as an investment strategy and driver of innovation and development. In 2019, around 114,869 people in Vienna were registered as unemployed (down by 3,632 compared with 2018), representing 3.4 Cultural activities an unemployment rate of about 11.7 percent, which is far higher than the Austrian average (European Commission Website, Vienna is “partially situated within a UNESCO-designated 2019). 207 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021