2.3.1 Multimodal transport stops flexibility results from the structural design of the space Within the process of improving and rethinking publicbetween pavement and carriageway” (Smart City Wien transportation in Vienna, public transport stops or stations Framework Strategy, 2019–2050: 76). Their advantages are are being considered; they are recognized as leveraging points that they can quickly be adapted in response to changes in the for the design of multimodal infrastructure. Indeed, highly demands placed on public space and that they offer flexibility in frequented stops can be strengthened by additional services, terms of spatial arrangements—for example, that between the bringing benefits to public transport in the suburbs and the pavement and spaces for unloading of goods. In 2014, Vienna greater region and thus attracting potential new users. had 116 city bike stations, with around 2,600 bike-parking spaces serving 12 percent of the urban area (UMPVSC, 2019). In Vienna, stops will become more than shelters; they will The average distance between stations is around seven hundred include bicycle-parking facilities, bike-sharing systems, meters (compared with three hundred meters in Paris), with and information displays for all transport options, and 1.6 trips per bike and per day taken on average. Improvements interconnections between all transportation modes will be to biking infrastructure need to be made to facilitate and push strengthened (Urban Mobility Plan Vienna Smart City, 2019). forward the adoption of bicycles within the city. External factors such as climate could represent potential issues within the Therefore, Vienna’s transport policy aims to ensure convenient development of the mobility plan. use of public transport and additional options. A key element is the design of stops and their surroundings. In designing 2.3.3 Car sharing these multimodal hubs, issues of traffic safety and fast and Vienna developed a car-sharing strategy back in 2012, creating direct accessibility are prioritized. When streets are redesigned, a clear framework for car-sharing providers to operate in the stops on traffic islands are reviewed and equipped with special city. The municipality sees car sharing as a complementary captors. Regarding disabled people, “Barrier-free use by service to public transport and not as a competitor to it. In blind, deaf, or deaf and hard-of-hearing citizens would be particular, it takes the view that: designed based on a multisensory approach and an intuitive • Standard car sharing reduces the number of privately owned understanding of the need to be supported by an orientation passenger cars and thus reduces the need for parking system” (Smart City Wien Framework Strategy, 2019–2050: 85). spaces; • Car sharing users are also ecomobility users. Still, the challenge of increasing passenger numbers at public transport stops and stations will bring complexity. Wiener However, the effects of the new car-sharing system and private- Stadtwerke, the public utility holding company of Vienna, has sharing models have not yet been examined to a sufficient already made significant investments in recent years to anticipate extent. future challenges and design solutions to tackle them. 2.4 Traffic congestion The Vienna City Route Network project is part of the city’s street and route reclassification policy. It will indicate where All Vienna’s solutions related to public transportation aim to pedestrian traffic is essential. Therefore, the redesign of streets reduce the need for cars and reduce traffic congestion and CO2 needs a people-centric approach to be attractive and efficiently emissions. compete with individuals’ wishes to own a car. To reduce traffic congestion, the City Council is focusing on 2.3.2 Bike-sharing system creating a better coexistence in transport by reducing rules Vienna wants to make cycling more attractive. Two-way cycling and regulations. New measures of transport organization on one-way streets is possible on roughly 230 kilometers are starting to contribute to better mobility in Vienna: “These of roads in the city, and preparatory work has identified an include, in particular, the coordinated expansion of the public additional ninety kilometers of roads where this measure could transport network and attractive new mobility options, but also be introduced (UMPVSC, 2019). appropriate measures to manage private vehicle traffic” (Smart City Wien Framework Strategy, 2019–2050: 70). Multifunctional lanes are a key device within new urban development in Vienna. According to the SCWF, “Multifunctional The city is focused on using traffic lights to reduce traffic lanes make it possible to respond quickly to changing needs congestion and promote forms of ecomobility such as walking in the surroundings and public space requirements. Such and cycling (Smart City Wien Framework Strategy, 2019–2050: 204 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021