5.4 The energy, climate change, and air quality plan of energy consumption in municipal buildings by 20 percent Barcelona (PECQ 2011-2020) relative to 2008 levels (PECQ, 2011). Therefore, Barcelona metropolitan area’s municipalities will look at heating and In 2002, Barcelona City Council implemented the Barcelona cooling systems, lighting systems, and energy-monitoring Energy Improvement Plan (PMEB), providing the framework management systems, among other solutions. for energy management between 2002 and 2010 (PECQ, 2010). This plan included fifty-nine projects based on energy efficiency, In 2010, the PECQ proposed 108 new measures aimed at cost reduction, and reduction of CO emissions (PECQ, 2010).2 promoting the development of renewable energy and energy In 2011, to continue the plan and establish the 2011-2020 savings. The plan then became the Sustainable Energy Action framework, the Energy, Climate Change, and Air Quality Plan Plan, and Barcelona committed to reducing its CO emissions2 of Barcelona 2011-2020, led by Barcelona City Council, was by 23.5 percentb 2 implemented. goal is the equipping of the 22@Barcelona district and Fórum area with district heating and cooling networks. This new version of the plan focuses on air pollution, waste management, and other aspects related to both the SDGs and More recently, a new political vision emerged at the council the smart city dimensions set by the City Council. The PECQ level: making Barcelona energy independent by 2050. This includes eighty-five projects grouped in the following sectors would be achieved, for example, through using the city’s roofs (PECQ, 2011): to produce renewable energy. The shortest-term target is for •Four projects related to residential and housing purposes; 10 percent of energy to come from renewables by 2024. Finally, •Nine projects associated with the industrial sector; accelerations of the political schedule in 2015 and then in •Seven projects related to the commercial and service 2018 have given the city new ambitions. Energy policy became industry; aligned with European and international objectives: a target of •Fourteen projects related to renewable power generation; a 40 percent CO emission reduction by 2030 was introduced.2 •Three projects on transportation; The roadmap toward self-sufficiency made the “100 percent •Eighteen projects on waste management; renewable” target part of the city’s official strategy. •Fifteen general rehabilitation projects; •Ten projects focused on ports and airports; 6. Governance If all these projects are efficiently implemented, it will be Smart city programs involve many actors and industries. Their possible to increase final energy savings by 22 percent and use of technologies such as sensors and apps generates reduce CO emissions by 112 percent relative to 2008 levels enormous volumes of data every day, and that data needs to be (PECQ, 2011). Some initiatives related to buildings and energy stored, managed, and analyzed ethically. are as follows (PECQ, 2011): •Implementing consumption meters in homes. The objective Therefore, the notion of governance is omnipresent in every here is to educate people on energy consumption and share aspect of smart city programs, which must accurately define best practices to reduce it; and organize governance to ensure safety and privacy as well •Implementing an efficient monitoring system for energy as to leverage innovation. One essential part of Barcelona’s efficiency. The aim is to integrate a single municipal protocol development as a smart city concerns the governance to facilitate the energy-monitoring process and ensure aspect. The first aim was to add a strong focus on residents’ correct implementation of energy-monitoring, metering, participation within the sustainable process. The second was to and energy-saving tools; provide an open-source platform (such as Decidim.Barcelona •Improving energy efficiency in housing refurbishments via or Barcelona Digital City) to ensure the transparency and the Barcelona Neighborhood and Energy Improvementavailability of data related to smart city development. (PMEB) plans and subsidies to encourage improved energy efficiency; Barcelona’s governance model involves many public and private •Implementing solar energy on industrial roofing to take actors, and it prioritizes a synergy-based ecosystem that will advantage of the availability of this type of space in develop adequate solutions and ensure better coordination. Barcelona. And even though Barcelona’s smart city programs include many different actors, Barcelona City council provides explicit The 2020 horizon goal is to reduce CO emissions related to2 direction regarding strategy, plans, and project efforts. 101 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021