across a portfolio of thirty buildings. The BCA is using both The abandoned Sidewalk Labs project in Toronto called data mining and machine learning to send messages to facility for autonomous cars and mixed-use neighborhoods with managers to take corrective action against behaviors that waste open spaces, as well as for other mobility options such energy. as pedestrianized areas and soft mobility equipment. The remaining condition was to deliver affordable housing that Aspern Smart City in Vienna is one of Europe’s largest energy would attract people to settle in the area. efficiency projects. Through the collaboration of several municipal organizations, the local utility company, various Copenhagen’s mobility solutions rely much more on soft research institutions, and industry actors, the initiative is mobility and intermodal connections. Other cities have pioneering forward-thinking energy-focused service and developed their own mobile apps for accessing information, technical solutions that are being tested in a real-life urban but Copenhagen is the only one to place such strong emphasis environment by real end users. on intermodality. All six cities remain committed to innovation in mobility. Furthermore, within the Aspern Smart City project, various ICT and energy companies are involved in developing and testing Finally, cities have a role to play in both encouraging adoption innovations over large-scale areas. For example, the German of new transport behaviors and setting regulations that make company Siemens, one of the biggest investors in the Aspern day-to-day commuting faster, easier, and less frustrating Smart City Research project, has taken on technological for people. When it comes to transport, the right scale is leadership in partnership with the local utility provider. determined primarily at the metropolis level rather than at the city level. However, cities make better decisions about more G- Mobility and greenhouse gas emissions specific matters such as redesigning bus routes, rearranging traffic signals and turn lanes, developing bike lanes, and, finally, Some energy-saving and soft mobility programs can contribute setting infrastructure budgets. One additional key idea is to to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving airreduce the dominance of fossil fuel vehicles on public roads. quality. Some cities’ efforts to reduce GHGs are hampered by the fact that physical and geographical structures are their Investing in public transit and seamless multimodal major source of emissions. connections is crucial. Business models and pricing should evolve as urban transit systems are developed in such a way In 1975, Singapore pioneered a congestion-pricing scheme and that ticketless and digital payment systems can be introduced. then reinforced it through vehicle quotas and tax policy. Under Some cities are going a step further by offering attractive rates this initiative, known as the Area Licensing Scheme, a fee3 was on passes that grant access to multiple modes of transportation charged on vehicles accessing the central business district and so encourage a successful intermodal combination of (CBD) during peak morning hours. As an alternative, drivers bikes, trams, and subways of the kind found in Copenhagen. could park outside downtown and take transit into the CBD. The key challenge is to reduce traffic congestion on working days. Policies that set this goal seem to be more effective in This program had immediate effects. Public transit ridership towns where ground transportation, buses, and cycling are accounted for 33 percent of all journeys taken in 1975; it already the primary modes of transit. Areas where cars are accounted for 70 percent of them in 1983. In the 1990s, the still dominant—suburbs, for example—need to be connected to program was replaced with a dynamic electronic road-pricing the public transport network, and greater regulation of traffic system that included off-peak hours. The new system further via measures like peak-hour payments and access permits improved public transit ridership and reduced traffic volume. is required. To complement these policies, encouraging car As for the future, Singapore has put together a research and sharing requires dedicated lanes. development consortium of partners for projects that will speed up the rollout of fully electric and autonomous cars and H- Healthcare buses. Singapore has set a demanding time line for introducing fully autonomous electric buses and launching a program Singapore is expanding the use of applications that cater to of on-demand shuttles into the city. These two decisions its older population groups. Applications that deliver services are important aspects of a larger mobility plan that will be such as remote day-to-day patient monitoring, telemedicine completed in 2022. checkups, virtual rehabilitation sessions,and video (3) At that time: three dollars per day and sixty dollars per month. 227 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021