roads (Smart Mobility 2030, 2014). In addition, B-signal Owing to its geographical constraints, Singapore is seeking to junctions have been implemented to give priority to buses at improve its green areas by implementing roads with a forest- intersections, reducing journey times for this form of public like structure model or nature-based solutions (Frantzeskaki transport (Smart Mobility 2030, 2014). et al., 2017) with the ultimate aim of providing a more robust network of ecological connectivity across the Lion City (PSPS, Motorized traffic in Singapore produces 75 percent of the city- 2017). Urban ecosystems and related services can offer nature- state’s air pollution, and land transport produces 20 percent based solutions to the challenges of urbanization (Tan et al., of its carbon emissions (Smart Mobility 2030, 2014). The city 2021). To complement this green vision, the city will also install has acknowledged that, with regard to public transportation, green roofs and green walls on buildings to mitigate the urban it focuses on maintenance actions and investment processes heat island effect caused by climate change (PSPS, 2017). The to increase the share of green transportation. Implementing objective is to have up to two hundred hectares of green roofs by this green mobility focus will involve tripartite collaboration 2030, compared to the 120 hectares in place in 2019 (PSPS, 2017). between public agencies, academic and research institutions, and industry players. The Green Building Masterplan is supported by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA). This agency launched a Lastly, in the recent Land Transport Master Plan (LTMD) 2040, green mark rating, which it sees as one of the best ways to which complements the Smart Mobility 2030 report, the city set reduce CO emissions in Singapore (The Sustainable Singapore2 these objectives for 2040: Blueprint (SSB) 2015, 2014). The BCA’s target is for 80 percent of •Under the “forty-five-minute city, twenty-minute towns” Singapore’s buildings to meet its standards by 2030 (SSB, 2014). principle, Singaporeans will be able to commute to work within forty-five minutes and will be able to reach amenities In addition, the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint, published in in residential towns within twenty minutes (LTMD, 2019); 2014, states these goals for 2030: •“Walk-Cycle-Ride modes of transport will take less than 20 • Developing the length of the Park Connector Network by 32 minutes” by 2040 (LTMD, 2019); percent (equivalent to an increase of four hundred kilometers •Barrier-free travel through working with all stakeholders in total); and upskilling transport workers (LTMD, 2019); • Increasing the length of the Nature Ways by 165 percent •Bus and taxi fleets will be using cleaner energy (LTMD, 2019). (equivalent to a 180 kilometer increase in total) (Park •So far, the results from the first LMTD plan (2008-2013) have Connector Network, 2020: 3); been positive: • Ensuring that 90 percent of households are within a ten-minute •64 percent of households are within a ten-minute walk of walk of a park (the figure having stood at 83 percent in 2015); a train station (the figure having been 57 percent in 2012) • Increasing the number of active green volunteers by (LTMD, 2019); 233 percent (which would mean a total of five thousand •79 percent of public transport journeys with a distance of volunteers; there were 1,500 such volunteers in 2015). under twenty kilometers are completed within one hour (the figure having stood at 76 percent in 2012) (LTMD, 2019); The One Million Trees movement aims to plant that many trees •67 percent of all peak-period trips are undertaken on public in Singapore by 2030 (PSPS, 2017). This operation would involve transport (the figure for 2012 having been 63 percent) (LTMD, 2019). initiatives to make the community and stakeholders participate in the process. 3. Activities 3.1 Green spaces In 2017, the Public Sector Sustainability Plan (PSPS) set the objective of ensuring that by 2020 Singapore would have strengthened its climate resilience by maintaining and enhancing natural ecosystems and by providing carbon storage and sequestration (PSPS, 2017). In Singapore, 350 hectares of forested areas around natural reserves have been implemented to fight against the impact of urbanization and human activities (PSPS, 2017). The objective set by the city was to have at least Source: yeo-khee-mfBFoA6l7DY-unsplash two hundred hectares of parks by 2020 (PSPS, 2017). 153 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021