hundred people. The Transformation Task Force, cochaired range of chronic diseases. Toronto Public Health estimates by Andy Pringle, chair of the Toronto Police Service boards, that air pollution in Toronto (from all sources) currently gives released the final version of the report in January 2017. rise to approximately 1,300 premature deaths and 3,550 hospitalizations annually (Sidewalk Labs, 2017). This action plan, called The Way Forward, aims to adapt Toronto Police Service to new challenges, using technologies Recent data for the five most common air pollutants—that is, and databases to increase its efficiency. This action plan’s goal fine particles (PM2.5, PM10), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide hinges on three main principles: “Be where the public needs (NO)—suggests that Toronto’s air quality is improving. More2 the Service the most; Embrace partnerships to create safer generally, in Canada, the National Air Pollution Surveillance communities; Focus on the complex need of a large city” (Action (NAPS) program aims to provide accurate and long-term air Plan The Way Forward - Toronto Police Service, 2019) quality data of a uniform standard across the country. According to the interim report (Toronto Sun, 2017), some of Sidewalk Labs hoped to tackle these issues within all its the most frequently repeated demands made by the public projects in Toronto to deliver better air quality for residents. regarding police action were: Within the following part of this report, the contribution of •A trusted relationship with the police service, where cultural Sidewalk Labs regarding GHGs will be mentioned when we have change is a critical component of the relationship; identified it in order to demonstrate the impact of each different •The improvement of policy accountability and ensuring a project in reducing CO emissions.2 zero-tolerance for bias, racism, and discrimination; •A police force with a strong neighborhood focus; 1.5 Medical services •A more effective approach to dealing with people who have mental health issues. Toronto Public Health (TPH) aims to reduce health inequities and improve the whole population’s health. The Toronto Public In response to those challenges, Toronto Police Service Health Strategic Plan 2015-2019 identified five main pillars developed an online database that allows users to access to promote a healthy city for everyone (https://www.toronto. security-related information. For example, the Crime app is “a ca/city-government/accountability-operations-customer- public safety tool that provides users with crime location data. service/long-term-vision-plans-and-strategies/strategic- It includes all major crime indicators (MCI) occurrences and plan-2015-2019/): homicide occurrences.” The tool allows “users to filter crime • Accountability and Transparency, under which TPH provides by district, crime category, and data range (for example, fatal services to meet public health needs and works with the Board traffic collision).” Users can also access the platform to import of Health, Toronto City Council, and the people of Toronto; their data, helping the police to analyze safety issues. • Community Engagement, under which TPH shows its commitment to civic engagement by collaborating with Toronto’s police force could soon be equipped with smart a community of stakeholders, partners, and the public to mobile devices that give officers access to data and software assess needs adequately; everywhere. This could allow them to receive and respond • Inclusion, under which TPH commits to embrace diversity to calls, emails, and other communication forms anytime. and strives for equity and inclusion; Information on the economic, social, demographic, and • Health Equity, under which TPH collaborates to identify the behavioral aspects of a specific district could be made available most pressing needs (raising a child, seniors, health hazards, for the local police, allowing them to better understand how to emerging infectious diseases, and extreme weather); police it appropriately. • A Healthy Workplace, promoting inclusion, mutual respect, and diversity of staff. There was no connection between these initiatives and the Sidewalk Labs project. Building on these priorities set by TPH, Sidewalk Labs wanted to play an active role in medical services within Toronto. For 1.4 Air pollution example, the development of a fifteen-minute neighborhood was proposed in order to deliver health benefits, such as: Air pollution can cause cardiovascular and respiratory health • Increased Fitness: “A study by Statistics Canada found that problems, and it affects birth outcomes as well as brain residents of urban neighborhoods were more likely to be development and function. It is also linked to cancer and a physically active and to engage in active transportation than 171 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021