It illustrates that Singaporeans are more used to technology • Going beyond healthcare to health; devices for their safety: • Going beyond the hospital to the community; •“74% of Singapore citizens want the police to make greater • Going beyond quality to value. use of CCTV cameras” (Accenture Consulting, 2018). •“67% of Singapore citizens say the presence of CCTV security Besides, a project on Robotics Middleware Framework cameras makes them feel safer” (Accenture Consulting, 2018). developed a set of healthcare standards and controls to communicate and manage healthcare activities (Cheah and 1.4 Air pollution Chan, 2019). This was a three-year research and development project led by MOH’s Smart Systems Program Office (Ministry In 2012, Singapore’s per-capita CO emissions were among the2 of Health). Organized as a collaboration, it was supported by world’s highest (Erik Valasco and Matthias Roth, 2012). Since the Centre for Healthcare Assistive and Robotics Technology that year, Singapore’s domestic air quality targets have been (CHART) and IHiS, in partnership with the Government aligned with the World Health Organization’s guidelines (NEA Technology Agency (GovTech), and industry partners. These Website, 2020). were its main outcomes: • Implementing smart homes and community-enabled Air pollution is a significant concern for Singapore. A large set support: for example, personal care robots can link patients of actors (at least twelve) is involved in tackling it: the Ministry and caregivers with healthcare providers in order to deploy of Health; the Ministry of Trade and Industry; the Economic remote monitoring (Cheah and Chan, 2019); Development Board; the Energy Market Authority; the Ministry • Implementing smart healthcare facilities with a data- of Manpower; the Ministry of Community Development, Youth driven objective that can enable coordination between the and Sports; Singapore Environment Council; Singapore workforce, equipment, and supplies (Cheah and Chan, 2019); Tourism Board; the National University of Singapore; Nanyang Technological University; the National Healthcare Group; and Implementing smart care pods to centralize nursing systems’ the Singapore Health Services (NEA Website, 2020). responses so they are better able to address falls, pressure levels, and medication, all with multilingual translators (Cheah Singapore in fact enjoys an air quality that is better than that and Chan, 2019). of many cities in Asia and is comparable with that of cities in the United States and Europe. Singapore’s Pollutant Standards In addition, the Smart Health program, an initiative launched Index (PSI) remained in the “good” and “moderate” ranges for by the Healthcare Committee of the French Chamber of much of 2019 (NEA website, 2020). Commerce in Singapore, focuses on implementing outpatient pharmacy automation systems in old and new hospitals (Cheah 1.5 Medical services and Chan, 2019). These have the potential to enhance accuracy and workflows through automatization, reducing the time that Long-term demographic trends in Singapore are expected to patients spend waiting by up to 50 percent (Cheah and Chan, bring more and more challenges to the health sector: an aging 2019). Automation in this area would also help to prevent population, increases in chronic diseases, slower workforce between thirty-eight thousand and ninety-five thousand adverse growth, and rising healthcare costs (Cheah and Chan, 2019). drug events, which would yield a cost saving of 8.5 million Singapore dollars per year. The Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is operated by the Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF). It can be reached by Another AI innovation is the Eye Lesion Analyzer, which uses dialing 995 or through applications such as myResponder. The machine-learning techniques to predict diabetes-related wide range of contact channels increases the communication complications (Cheah and Chan, 2019). (Cheah and Chan, 2019; between specialized rescue units and citizens, allowing https://www.snec.com.sg/news/tomorrows-medicine/an-ai-for- both sides to collaborate and increase the survival rate of the-eye-new-tech-cuts-time-for-spotting-signs-of-diabetic- Singaporeans when accidents occur. eye-disease). In 2020, ninety-six thousand people worked in Singapore’s health sector (Cheah and Chan, 2019). To anticipate upcoming challenges, smart health in Singapore focuses on the three following points (Cheah and Chan, 2019): 151 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021