1.2 Recycling services (GUB). The force is in charge of ensuring public safety within the city. In 2015, the GUB drafted the Guàrdia Urbana de Barcelona In 2012, the city of Barcelona approved its Waste Prevention Master Plan (GUBMP) to define the strategies and changes that Plan (WPP) 2012-2020. The plan aimed to reduce municipal the GUB would enact to ensure public safety within Barcelona waste by 10 percent to allow a saving of one hundred thousand and adapt how it is achieved. The plan set out the force’s main tons by 2020 (WPP, 2012). To achieve this objective, various priority: modernizing and optimizing roles and resources necessary actions were defined (WPP, 2012), including: to improve public safety (GUBMP, 2015). The time frame for •Reducing per capita waste generation; implementing the program and in so doing putting citizens at •Introducing new habits in municipal waste management the heart of services and promoting exemplary behavior among strategies, with a focus on prevention of waste generation; GUB officers ran between 2016 and 2019 (GUBMP, 2015). •Improving and enhancing the effectiveness of resources applied to waste management services and wastePart of the GUBMP has involved allocating resources to prevention; integrate technology within the force to enhance safety and •Increasing public awareness concerning waste by focusing on align the GUB with the implementation of smart devices in the participation of residents and other relevant stakeholders. every aspect of the city. For instance, the GUB was set the goal of bringing 145 hybrid vehicles into service (GUBMP, 2015). This plan, implemented in 2012, put Barcelona among the most Other technological improvements arising from the GUBMP committed cities in Europe when it comes to fighting against include (GUBMP, 2015): waste issues (WPP, 2012). • Updating Mycelium, the force’s incident management application, in 2017 so that it could be implemented in In 2016, the Zero Waste Strategy (ZWS) was launched to sustainable vehicles. The system helps the force to better improve the quality of recycled products. The strategy has a manage incidents by giving it access to real-time information; strong focus on organic matter (Ajuntament Barcelona, 2020), • Installing automated license plate recognition cameras in and it aims to reduce the amount of waste being produced by twelve GUB vehicles in 2018. The technology allows license enhancing product reusability and recycling systems. The ZWS plates to be tracked and analyzed through different datasets, is aiming for 60 percent of waste collection to be carried out and it is useful in combating infractions such as car theft; on a selective basis, in line with the European Union Waste • Integrating personal recording devices into officers’ Management Plan (Ajuntament Barcelona, 2020). In Barcelona, uniforms, beginning with a pilot test within the city’s the selective waste collection level reached 36 percent in 2020 Eixample district in 2019 (the most iconic district (district (Ajuntament Barcelona, 2020). The ZWS involves the following #2) in Barcelona). The aim of the devices is to respond to strategies: demands for transparency from residents. •Ensuring waste reduction through prevention programs; •Ensuring and promoting the reusability of waste; •Continuing the improvement of selective collection; •Increasing citizen coresponsibility to enhance public engagement in the waste management program. A study called The Green and Circular Economy in the Policies of Barcelona City Council, conducted by Estudi Ramon Folch,8 estimates that a total of 603 million euros circulates in the city each year thanks to the circular economy, creating 6,600 jobs. The study also assesses the impact of the local development agency, called Barcelona Activa (https://ajuntament.barcelona. cat/en/noticia/the-green-and-circular-economy-a-priority-for- municipal-public-policies_756590) Source: rabada-kMde0v9tYYM-unsplash 1.3 Public safety The Spanish Civil Guard acts as a national police force within Spain. Owing to Spain’s institutional framework for autonomy, Barcelona’s police force is the Guàrdia Urbana de Barcelona the Catalan police forces do not answer to the Spanish (8) https://www.erf.cat/ (Accessed on 10 June 2021). 88 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021