in the activities of DIY groups back in the 1980s” (SCWFS, The City Council’s objectives concerning energy supply and 2019: 52). At present, most of the city’s energy supply comes consumption in the city are: almost exclusively from local renewable energy sources. The • Maintaining Vienna’s level of energy security. Vienna’s power City Council has stated that “the target of doubling renewable stations supply both electricity and district heating and are energy generation in Vienna can only be attained if roofs and the key elements of the autonomous energy system during facades are used for large-scale installation of solar panels” the transition phase to achieve a reduction in the city’s (SCWFS, 2019: 76). carbon footprint. Therefore, investments in construction, renovation expansion, and maintenance of these power Efficient heat pumps allow waste and ambient heat to heat stations and green infrastructure are necessary (SCWFS and cool buildings: “The ambient heat captured by heat 2019–2050, 2019: 59, 61 and 147). To preserve the current pumps comes from renewable regional resources and causes level of energy security in the city, two main technologies zero local greenhouse gas emissions” (SCWFS, 2019: 156). would be used: Developing green spaces and focusing on green roofs contribute - First, the smart grid uses communication technologies to reshaping the composition of energy consumption. The city to network the growing number of energy consumers, also uses wind turbines, hydroelectric facilities, and biomass producers, and storage facilities. It optimizes the balance technology plants. between consumption and production through safe, secure, and cost-optimized management; Electricity is the dominant fuel in the city. Many energy - Second, individual smart meters can transmit as well as consumers, whether they are private households or companies, receive data, and they provide both business clients and are now involved in energy production themselves, either via households “near real-time information” (SCWFS 2019– their own sources (for example, solar panels and green roofs) 2050, 2019: 60); or via community energy generation schemes. Self-production • Implementing smart energy grids to ensure a decentralized and self-consumption of energy are leading to decentralized and renewables-based energy supply. “One important step in power generation in the city. this direction are the smart meters currently being installed by Vienna’s power utility Wiener Netze” (SCWFS 2019–2050, Smart grids allow the networked interconnection of all 2019); these local energy-producing actors. They aim to improve • Doubling the production of renewable energy by 2030; the coordination of energy consumption and production, cut • Continuously evaluating and expanding the infrastructure for down the excess of expensive production, and guarantee a renewable production and extensively exploiting it in the long supply of renewable energy for all residents. The City Council term. The use of green gas produced from agricultural and considers that energy poverty is no longer a problem. These forestry waste (and other types of waste) would be optimized radical improvements in energy efficiency aim to reduce GHGs to serve as a heating source (SCWFS 2019–2050, 2019); dramatically. • Making the renewable energy mix represent 70 percent of Vienna’s energy consumption by 2050. The long-term Procurement of a permanent, price-affordable, and transition to renewable energy is defined as a major priority environmentally sound energy supply remains one of the in all policy sectors, and investment in energy generation major objectives for the city to offer a high quality of life plants is increasing. In 2020, renewable energy accounted for and sustainable economic development. Vienna’s smart city a high proportion of energy consumed in Austria, and the aim programs aim to ensure continuous improvement, stimulate the is for it to represent 32 percent of final energy consumption. emergence of new technologies, and create change in the city’s consumption behaviors via massive investment in the sector. 5.1 Vienna’s smart city energy objectives The City Council has drawn up a list of objectives related to energy supply and consumption in the city, helping it to closely monitor key information and identify potential improvements. All objectives defined by the city are aligned with both the 2015 Paris Agreement and the UN’s SDGs. 210 Quélin and Smadja | HEC PARIS | SMART CITIES | The sustainable program of six leading cities | 2021